Types of Mobile operating system

Introduction :

A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smart phones, PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices. It is very important to know about different mobile OS used by a number of companies so that you can actually know that what is behind your smart phone’s smooth and colorful touch screen. There many types of mobile operating system some of them are describe as under:

1) Symbian :

• Symbian OS is officially the Property of Nokia. Nokia has remained a giant in low-end mobile market, so after Java Symbian was the most used in the mobile phones till a couple of years ago.
  
• Still Symbian is widely used in low-end phones but the demand rate has been continuously decreasing. By upgrading Symbian mobile OS, Nokia has made it capable to run smart phones efficiently.
  
• Symbian ANNA and BELLE are the two latest updates which are currently used in Nokia’s smart phones. Overall, the Symbian OS is excellently designed and is very user-friendly.
  
• Unfortunately, Symbian OS graph is going downwards nowadays due to the immense popularity of Android and iOS.
  
• Some of the phones currently running on Symbian OS are Nokia C6-01, Nokia 603, Nokia 700, Nokia 808 Pure View, Nokia E6 (ANNA) and Nokia 701 (BELLE). Symbian is a popular choice among dual Sim mobile phones as well.

2) Android :

• September 20th 2008 was the date when Google released the first Android OS by the name of  "Astro". After some time next upgraded versions ‘Bender’ and ‘Cupcake’ were also released.
  
• Google then adopted the trend of naming android versions after any dessert or a sweet in alphabetical order. The other releases are Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich and Jelly Bean.
  
• Jelly Bean is so far the latest android version from google. Since the platform is not closed like IOS, there are too many great android apps built by developers.
  
• Just after stepping into the smart phone and tablets market Android gained immense popularity due to its beautiful appearance and efficient working. Many new features were introduced which played a significant role in Android’s success.
  
• Google app is an official app market which contains millions of different apps for android devices. Samsung, HTC, Motorola and many other top manufacturers are using Android in their devices. Currently Android is one of the top operating systems and is considered a serious threat for iPhone.
  
• Some of the smartphones operating on Android are HTC Desire, Samsung Galaxy Gio, Motorola Droid Razr, Samsung Galaxy S3 and HTC Wilfire.

3) Blackberry OS :

• Blackberry OS is the property of  RIM (Research In Motion) and was first released in 1999. RIM has developed this operating system for its Blackberry line of smart phones. Blackberry is much different from other operating systems.
  
• The interface style as well as the smart phone design is also different having a trackball for moving on the menu and a qwerty keyboard.Like Apple, Blackberry OS is a close source OS and is not available for any other manufacturer.
  
• Currently the latest release of this operating system is Blackberry OS 7.1 which was introduced in May 2011 and is used in Blackberry Bold 9930. It is a very reliable OS and is immune to almost all the viruses.Some of the smart phones operating on Blackberry OS are Blackberry Bold, Blackberry Curve, Blackberry Torch and Blackberry 8520.

4) Apple iOS :

• iOS was introduced in 29th June 2007 when the first iPhone was developed. Since then iOS has been under gone many upgrades and currently the latest one is the iOS 6.Apple has still not allowed any other manufacturer to lay hands on its operating system.
  
• Unlike Android, Apple has more concentrated on the performance rather than appearance.This is the reason that the basic appearance of iOS is almost the same as it was in 2007. Overall it is very user-friendly and is one of the best operating systems in the world.
  
• So far iOS has been used in iPhone, iPhone 2G, iPhone 3G, iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S, not to mention their tablet pcs, iPad 2 and iPad.

5) Windows OS :

• All of you will be familiar with Windows OS because it is used in computers all over the world. Windows OS has been also been used in mobile phones but normal mobile phone users find it a bit difficult to operate it but at the same time it was very popular among people who were used to it.
  
• This was the case until Nokia and Microsoft joined hands to work together. The latest Windows release by Microsoft is known as Windows 7 which has gained immense popularity among all kind of users.
  
• With its colorful and user friendly interface it has given Windows OS a new life and is currently in demand all over the world. Another reason behind its success is that this latest OS is used in very powerful devices made by Nokia.
  
• The computer like look has totally vanished from the windows phones with the release of Windows 7. Samsung and HTC also released some Windows based phones but they could not much place in the market.
  
• Nokia Lumia series is completely windows based. Some of the latest Windows Phones are Nokia Lumia 800, Nokia Lumia 900, Samsung Focus and HTC Titan 2.

6) Palm OS (Garnet OS) :

• Palm OS was developed by Palm Inc in 1996 especially for PDAs (Personal Digital Assistance). Palm OS was basically designed to work on touchscreen GUI. Some Years later it was upgraded and was able to support smartphones.
  
• Unfortunately it could not make a mark on the market and currently is not being used in any of the latest top devices. It has been 5 and half years since we saw the latest update of palm OS in 2007. Palm OS was used by many companies including Lenovo, Legend Group, Janam, Kyocera and IBM.

7) BADA :

• Like others Samsung also owns an operating system which is known as BADA It is designed for mid range and high end smart phones. Bada is a quiet user friendly and efficient operating system, much like Android but unfortunately Samsung did not use Bada on a large scale for unknown reasons.
  
• The latest version Bada 2.0.5 was released on March 15th 2012. There are only 3 phones which are operating on Bada. These three smart phones are Samsung Wave, Samsung Wave 2 and Samsung Wave 3.
  
• I believe that Bada would have achieved much greater success if Samsung had promoted it properly.

8) Open WebOS :

• Open WebOS also known as Hp WebOS or just WebOS which was basically developed by Palm Inc but after some years it became the property of Hewlett Packard. WebOS was launched in 2009 and was used in number of smartphones and tablets.
  
• Hp promoted WebOS at a very high level by using it in high end smartphones and tablets. The latest device working on WebOS was the Hp Touch Pad. With the introduction of Android in the market sales of Hp WebOS based tablets got very less.
  
• At last Hp announced to discontinue WebOS based devices, but the existing users were assured that they will get regular updates of the operating system.

How to Convert a FAT or FAT32 Volume to NTFS in Windows 7

Solution : 

• Press Ctrl+R to open Run window.
• Write cmd and press enter to open "Command Prompt".
  
  

  

  Run Window

• In command prompt write

                  =>convert drive_letter: /fs:ntfs

• Now press enter i will take few minute to complete process. This process is shown in figure.

 

FAT or FAT32 to NTFS

Note :  

• drive_letter is for FAT or FAT32 drive or partition that you want to convert to NTFS. Here i take my USB flash key with the drive letter G: , so I would type convert g: /fs:ntfs and press enter.
• Once you convert in NTFS it wont convert back to FAT or FAT32 must format your drive.

Compare GPT and MBR Disks

Introduction :

• GPT means GUID - Globally Unique Identifer
• MBR means Master Boot Record.

1. GPT : 

   • GPT are readable. 
   • GPT disks are only supported by Windows server 2003 SP1 + ,Windows Server 2008,  XP 64-bit, Vista, Windows 7 , Windows 8.
   • GPT disks use UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). 
   • GPT disks supports up to 256TB per single partition in Windows.
    
            Note : Removable disks cannot be converted into a GPT disk.
     
   

2. MBR :

   • MBR are also readable. 
   • MBR disks are supported by all Windows operating systems.
   • MBR disks use the standard BIOS partition table.
   • MBR disks supports up to 2TB per single partition. 
     
     Note : Removable disks are MBR disks by default.
     

Full Review of Moto G by Motorola

Introduction:

Motorola Company launch "Moto G" and announced its price quite cheap and had a features quite similar like Nexus 4. After the consumer reaction on flipcart seems that people are quite hungry for getting this. Motorola offer the Moto G in priced at Rs. 13,999 for the 16GB version and Rs.12,499 for the 8GB version.

Features:

"4.5-inch 720p IPS display

 1.2GHz quad-core Snapdragon 400 processor

Chip set Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7

1GB of RAM

8GB/16GB internal memory

5MP rear camera with an LED flash

1.3MP front camera

3G

Radio

Wi-Fi

Bluetooth v4.0, A2DP, LE

2070mAh battery and runs on Android 4.4.2 KitKat"

Moto G is quite similar to Moto X, but have better option then the earlier one. Its display have IPS panel of 4.5 inches with a resolution of 1280x720 pixels. It have the curved back structure that its completely fitted over your palm and its much easy and continent to move your thumb all over the screen.  Phone is featured with the 5 mega pixel rear camera with LED flash and 1.3 mega pixel of front camera.

Its performance is quite better then the other phones of the same range. As Moto G runs on Android 4.4.2 OS which is having a supports of 1.2 GHz quad core Snapdragon 400 processor. Its have 1GB RAM.

How to get the maximum torrent download speed

Introduction :

Download speed of torrent is depends on the number of seeds it have. Means more number of seeds much download speed. But what if your torrent have less or no seeds.

For this I have a trick and here I am going to share the way to get the maximum download speed of Torrent. Here the trick which I am going to share is with the uTorrent application. So you understand the process and apply in your torrent client.

Just Follow the below simple steps :

1. Add the torrent file that you want to download.
2. After that click on the Option from menu bar, and click on Preference.
3. In Preference, Click on Bandwidth and see the section name - Number of Connections. 
4. On the Number of Connections, Set approx. 500 for each. After that click on Apply and then OK.
5. Now Right click on the current downloading torrent file and from the menu Click on Bandwidth Allocation.
6. Under Bandwidth Allocation, Set download/upload limit to Unlimited.

That's it you are done, Now you will get the maximum download speed of your torrent file.
The downloading speed may varies as the downloading speed depends on your Internet connection bandwidth.


To download uTorrent click on following link & enjoy this trick
http://www.utorrent.com/downloads/win

Collection of 60 important Full Forms

1. GOOGLE: Global Organization Of Oriented Group Language Of Earth .
2. YAHOO: Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle .
3. WINDOW: Wide Interactive Network Development for Office work Solution
4. COMPUTER: Common Oriented Machine Particularly United and used under Technical and Educational Research.
5. VIRUS: Vital Information Resources Under Siege .
6. UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System .
7. AMOLED: Active-Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode
8. OLED: Organic light-emitting Diode
9. IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity .
10. ESN: Electronic Serial Number .
11. UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply .
12. HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface
13. VPN: virtual private network
14. APN: Access Point Name
15. SIM: Subscriber Identity Module
16. LED: Light emitting diode.
17. DLNA: Digital Living Network Alliance
18. RAM: Random Access Memory.
19. ROM: Read Only Memory.
20. VGA: Video Graphics Array
21. QVGA: Quarter Video Graphics Array
22. WVGA: Wide Video Graphics Array.
23. WXGA: Widescreen Extended Graphics Array
24. USB: Universal Serial Bus
25. WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
26. PPI: Pixels Per Inch
27. LCD: Liquid Crystal Display.
28. HSDPA: High Speed Down-Link Packet Access.
29. HSUPA: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
30. HSPA: High Speed Packet Access
31. GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
32. EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
33. NFC: Near Field Communication
34. S-LCD: Super Liquid Crystal Display
35. O.S: Operating system.
36. SNS: Social Network Service
37. H.S: HOTSPOT
38. P.O.I: Point of Interest
39. GPS: Global Positioning System
40. DVD: Digital Video Disk / Digital Versatile Disc
41. DTP: Desk Top Publishing.
42. DNSE: Digital Natural Sound engine .
43. OVI: Ohio Video Intranet
44. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
45. WCDMA: Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access
46. GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
47. WI-FI: Wireless Fidelity
48. DIVX: Digital Internet Video Access.
49. APK: Authenticated Public Key.
50. J2SE: Java 2 Standard Edition.
51. J2EE: Java 2 Enterprise Edition.
52. J2ME: Java 2 Micro/Mobile Edition.
53. DELL: Digital Electronic Link Library.
54. ACER: Acquisition Collaboration Experimentation Reflection
55. RSS: Really simple syndication
56. TFT: Thin Film Transistor
57. AMR: Adaptive Multi- Rate
58. MPEG: Moving Pictures Experts Group
59. IVRS: Interactive Voice Response System
60. HP: Hewlett Packard

Note : To know the history of each just click on URL.

Reference :  

1. https://in.answers.yahoo.com
2. www.answers.com
3. https://www.wikipedia.org/

Android Activity Lifecycle

An Activity in Android can exist in four states :

1. Active/Running state :

   "When an activity is in the front and has focus in it. It is completely visible and active to the user."
   
   

2. Paused state :

   "The activity is partially visible to the user but not active and lost focus. A paused activity is completely alive and maintains its state but it can be killed by system under low memory when memory can be freed by no other ways."
   
   Activity is on top of this one which does not cover the entire screen.
   
   

3. Stopped state :

   "It's when Activity is no longer visible in the screen. The activity is alive and preserves its state, but more likely to be killed by the system to free resources whenever necessary."
   
   Another activity is on top of it and completely.
   
   

4. Destroyed/Dead state :

   "Either the Activity killed by the system in Paused or Stopped state to free resources."

Android Activity Lifecycle Diagram :

• When we launch an Activity in Android, it first calls the onCreate() method. This is where we do User Interface creation and initialization of data elements. This method is provided with a Bundle object as parameter to restore the UI state.

• onStart() method is called before the Activity is being visible to the User. Remember that Activity is still not Active.

• onResume() method, the Activity become visible and Active for the user to interact with. The Activity will be at the top of the Activity stack at this point. Now the Activity is in running /active state and is able to receive user inputs.
  
  Activities should override this method to perform tasks such as:
  
• Ramping up frame rates (a common task in game building)
• Starting animations
• Listening for GPS updates

• onPause() method will be called when the system is about to resume another Activity on top of this one or when the user is about to navigate to some other other parts of the system. It is the last guaranteed call to a method before the Activity  can get killed by the system. That is, there’s a possibility that your activity may be killed by the system at the paused state without executing any further method calls. Therefore it is important to save the user interface configuration and critical data at this method.

• By default, an Activity can remain in the paused state if:

• The user has pressed the home button
• Another activity or notification which is on top of it doesn’t completely obscures the visibility of underlying Activity.
• The device goes to sleep.

• There are three possibilities for an Activity under paused state:

1. The user resumes the Activity by closing the new Activity or notification and the paused Activity gets Active/Running by calling onResume() method.
2. It gets killed by the system under extremely low memory conditions. In this case there will be no further method calls before the destruction of the Activity and it needs to be re-run from the beginning by calling onCreate() and restoring the previous configuration from bundle object.

In all other cases it goes to stopped state by executing onStop() method. This is the default action when the user has pressed the back button.

• onStop() called when you are no longer visible to the user. You will next receive either onRestart(), onDestroy(), or nothing, depending on later user activity.
  
  Note : This method may never be called, in low memory situations where the system does not have enough memory to keep your activity’s process running after its onPause() method is called.
  
  An Activity under stopped state also has three different scenarios to happen :

1. System kills it to free resources. An activity under stopped sate is more likely to be killed by the system than one in the paused state. It needs to start the cycle again with onCreate().
2. It get restarted by calling onRestart() , onStart() and onResume() methods in the order if the user navigates back to the Activity again. In this case, the User Interface is intact and no need to be restored.
3. onDestroy() method is called and the Activity is destroyed. This is the final method we can call before the Activity is destroyed. This occurs either because the Activity is finishing the operation or the system is temporarily destroying it to save space.

Components of Android Application

These are the main Android Application Components :

• Activities
• Services
• Content Providers
• Broadcast Receivers
• Intents

Android Activity

1. Activities :

               "Activity is an individual user interface screen in an Android application where visual elements called Views (also known as widgets) can be placed and the user can perform various actions by interacting with it."

For ex :

               In this example, there are five widgets, they are – TextView, EditText AnalogClock and two Buttons. The widgets in an Activity can be created in two different ways, by pure java code and by adding XML code to define the UI. The latter is always preferred. "An application can have more than one Activity and each Activity operates independently", but can be linked to one another and each Activity you create must be defined in your application’s manifest file.  Each Activity in android will be subclass of Activity class defined in Android SDK.

 

 2. Services :

               "A service is an Android application component that run in background and has no visual UI and used to perform the processing parts of your application in the background.". A service will continue to run in the background even after the user switches to another application.

For ex : 

       While user listen song on Music Player. He/she perform other activity at same time.

All Android services are implemented as a subclass of Service class defined in Android SDK. There are two types of services in Android.

1. Bound Service : Its bound to other components and runs only till the component to which it is bounded runs.
2. Unbound Service : It's not bounded to any components. Once started, it will run in the background even after the component that started the service gets killed means it runs in the background indefinitely
   

 3. Content Providers :

               "It's a flexible way to make data available across applications."

For ex :

• You are creating any type of data in your application and you are storing it in the data base, file system or in any online storage space. Then through content providers other applications are able to query, access or even modify the data you’ve created, as long as your content provider allows it. In a similar way you can access the data that other utilities have created, by using content providers.
• The Content provider of contacts database allows other applications to query, read, modify, and write the contacts info. Android comes with several other built in Content providers that we can use in our application.

All content providers are implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class which is defined in Android SDK.

4. Broadcast Receivers :

               "It's used to receive messages that are broadcasted by the Android system or other Android applications." 

There are many broadcasts initiated by the Android system itself  for example

1. Take a picture from Camera
2. Turn off Screen
3. Change time zone
4. Warning battery is getting low

5. Intents :

               "Actually It's not a components, it is the activating mechanism in Android."

For ex :

• if you want to invoke a new activity from your current activity, you need to fire an intent specifying the new activity. And if you want to start other application from your activity, then also you need to fire an intent.  That is by firing an intent, you are telling the Android system to make something happen.

There are two types of Intents in Android :

1. Implicit Intents :
   
   "In implicit Intent we are sending a message to the Android system to find a suitable Activity that can respond to the intent."
   
   

   For ex :
   

   • To send an e-mail, we can use an intent. On receiving the Intent, Android system will invoke an Activity which is able to send e-mail messages with the data that we specified. If there is more than one activity is capable of receiving the Intent, the system presents a chooser to the user so that he can select which Activity/Application should handle it.
    
2. Explicit Intents :
   
   "We specify which activity should get active on receiving the intent. These are usually used for application’s internal communications."

Understand Android and its basic Concepts

DynaTAC 8000X

Basic Concepts :

1.  First Generation Mobile Phone :

   • First cell developed in 1983 by Motorola with name "DynaTAC 8000X".
   • Did little more than make and receive calls.
   • It design and developed by "Handset Manufactures".

2. OHA (Open Handset Alliance) :

   • Formed in November 2007, It include chip makers, handset manufactures, software developers etc.

   • OHA Mobile Operators :

     • Vodaphone
     • NTT Docomo
     • China Mobile
     • KDDI

   • OHA Handset Manufactures :

     • Sony Ericsson
     • HTC
     • Lenovo
     • Asus
     • LG

About Android :

• Andy Rubin is father of Android, working together OHA members, Google began developing non proprietary open standard platform based upon technology developed at Android Inc.
• "Android is an operating system, Middle ware and key mobile applications."
                                                   or
• "Android is an open source and Linux-based operating system for mobile devices developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies."
• The Android SDK provides a set of tools and APIs to develop Android applications.

• Platforms :

  • Alpha (1.0)
  • Beta (1.1)
  • Cupcake Android 1.5
  • Donut Android 1.6
  • Eclair Android 2.0/2.1
  • Froyo Android 2.2
  • Gingerbread 2.3
  • Honeycomb 3.0/3.1
  • Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0
  • Jelly Bean 4.1–4.3.1
  • KitKat 4.4–4.4.4
  
  
  

  Reference Link  : 

  1. Wikipedia
  2. TutorialsPoint